Introduction of Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) in Indonesia: Institutional development in action for resources management

The inability to properly maintain irrigation systems over time forced the Government of Indonesia (GOI) to seek cost recovery from water users through introduction of an irrigation service fee. The plan is to introduce this fee in all of the technical irrigation systems of Indonesia, covering about 4 million hectares, over a 12 year period. Design and Introduction of this service fee in 4 pilot areas of the 4 major rice producing provinces (West, Central and East Java, and South Sulawesi) during 1989–1991 has shown that users are willing to pay. Results of first ISF collection from over 11,000 farmers in Central and East Java in pilot systems was an encouraging 95%. However that acceptance to pay by users depends on their structured and systematic involvement in defining systems needs. They need to understand a differentiation in payment if service levels are different. They appreciate use of collected funds in the system where collected. They understand the organization of water users associations but this requires their active role in fee determination and collection. They understand the establishment of federations of these associations. ISF requires also active involvement of Local Government officials as facilitators and intermediaries between service receivers (the water users) and service providers (personnel of the Public Works irrigation department) in the introduction period. This article describes the experience of the first 21 months of the ISF project, the concept developed, the principles used as basis for ISF, the introduction at the field level, issues related to acceptance by users and by the institutions involved, and the first results.Abbreviations/Acronyms DGWRD Directorate General of Water Resources Development (Ministry of Public Works) - EOM Efficient Operation and Maintenance - Gabungan group of WUAs - IPAIR Indonesian abbreviation for ISF - ISF Irrigation Service Fee - Juru gate keeper - PBB land tax on irrigated lands - PPL agricultural field extension agent - P3A Indonesian abbreviation for Water Users Associations - PU Indonesian abbreviation for Public Works - SM Special Maintenance - WUA Water Users Associations     

论表见合伙

表见合伙是合伙法中的一个重要问题,我国的《合伙企业法》对此未予规定。基于此,笔者追溯了表见合伙制度的历史发展,剖析了表见合伙的构成要件,并通过分析表见合伙人责任,呼吁尽快建立相应的法律制度。     

国外典型林业PPP项目经验借鉴

公私伙伴关系（PPP）可以提高公共产品和服务的供给效率,促进经济增长。近年来我国林业PPP快速发展,但总体仍处于起步阶段。相比之下,国外林业PPP合作渐趋成熟,在融资模式、重点领域、资本范围、制度规范方面的探索值得我国学习借鉴。文中通过分析国外林业PPP具体案例,总结归纳出其成功经验,包括明确的政府指导方针、完善的政策法律体系、合理的利益分配、良好的社会诚信体系以及关注当地发展;建议我国加大开放力度,提升PPP项目吸引力,开展试点示范并总结推广成功经验。     

Zero Deforestation Zones: The Case for Linking Deforestation-Free Supply Chain Initiatives and Jurisdictional REDD+

The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) presents the idea of Zero Deforestation Zones (ZDZs) as a solution to implement private sector deforestation-free supply chain commitments by leveraging synergies between Jurisdictional REDD+, private sector initiatives, and governmental laws and regulations. Companies would source commodities that meet their deforestation commitments from jurisdictions implementing REDD+ programs, government monitoring systems, and functioning private sector initiatives. A definition of “zero deforestation” would be created through a multistakeholder process considering a number of different elements. ZDZs would align incentives between actors, generating multiple benefits for companies, governments, and local communities—including reduced costs of monitoring deforestation, low-risk areas for long-term investment, increased legal compliance, and conflict resolution between companies and local communities. Environmental integrity would also be improved because a larger area of forest would be protected, reducing risks of leakage and nonpermanence.     

Quantifying green cover change for sustainable urban planning: A case of Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

Despite the numerous benefits of urban green cover, urban land development has led to its destruction and degradation, including in Malaysia. In this study, time series Landsat satellite imagery were used to monitor green cover changes in Kuala Lumpur (KL), the largest and capital city of Malaysia. An advanced satellite image processing technique that considers the mixed-pixel problem was employed to determine the fraction of green cover in each Landsat pixel. Results show that the total green coverage in Kuala Lumpur decreased by 3% over the first study period, from 6564 ha in 2001–5,891 ha in 2013. However, it increased by 4% in the second, from 6215 ha in 2014–7,310 ha in 2016, and now green cover is 30% of the total land area of KL. These periods were selected to observe the changes in green cover before and after implementation of the “Greening KL” program, which was aimed to plant 100,000 trees in KL by year 2020. Most of the increase in green cover was contributed by trees planted along streets and in recreational parks. Other findings include a loss of ∼9% of green cover in two public parks compared to their total gazetted area, and a loss of green area in other forested parts of KL. Focus group discussions and structured interviews with public, private and non-governmental organizations indicate that green-cover losses can be partly attributed to weak regulations and their poor enforcement. Opportunities to protect and increase green cover in KL are also explored in this study. Such approaches are urgently needed before most of the green areas disappear from the landscape of KL, exacerbating the existing environmental problems in the city.     

农户选择林业不同经营形式的意愿及影响因素分析*--基于福建省三明市的实证研究

农户对不同林业经营形式的选择一直是林业经营关注的主要问题之一,对于林业的可持续发展极为重要。本文基于福建省842个样本农户的调研数据,采用主成分分析与多元 Logit回归模型分析农户选择单户经营、联户经营及股份经营意愿的影响因素。主成分分析的结果显示,林业生产经营水平、政策制度及采伐指标申请3个因子占总方差的72.21%。回归结果显示,对农户不同林业经营形式选择意愿的主要影响因素中,农户受教育水平、林地分散程度、采伐指标获取难度、林业收入占家庭总收入比重、林业生产经营水平、家庭劳动力数量、政策制度等对农户的选择意愿有不同程度的影响。在此基础上,提出政府要充分尊重林农意愿,同时因地制宜地引导林农选择适合的经营形式,加大扶持力度,推进林业整体发展。     

欧盟木材法案对林产品国际贸易的影响及中国应对策略

欧盟木材法案的确立,对国际林产品贸易环境产生了重大变化,必将对全世界特别是中国林产品出口产生深远影响。本文简述了欧盟木材法案的发展历程,认为木材法案是国际社会打击非法采伐的必然结果。剖析了木材法案的内容,并比较了雷斯法案与木材法案的异同。探讨了木材法案对国际林产品贸易特别是中国林产品出口贸易的正反两方面影响:短期内,木材法案的实施会造成市场准入障碍、影响国际林产品出口贸易,但长期看,木材法案可促进世界森林资源保护和推动全球生态环境改善、提高合法木材的国际竞争力,并优化木材产品国际贸易条件。提出了构建与欧盟之间的自愿伙伴关系、实现国内外森林认证标准的互认、建立行业协调机制和加强木材供应链管理等中国应对欧盟木材法案的战略措施。     

农产品流通中农超对接模式的优化——基于浙江省金华市的实证

通过大量的实地调研,首先对农超对接存在的主要模式类型进行研究,包括以超市为经营核心的农超对接模式,以合作社为经营核心的农超对接模式以及混合型农超对接模式;其次从生产端、超市以及对接关系构建的角度深入探讨模式存在的问题,认为生产端存在的问题有生产技术水平低、合作社自身建设不规范2个方面,超市方面存在的问题有生鲜流通比例过小、入场门槛过高、产品缺乏价格梯度、资金结算周期长、物流配送基础薄弱等。基于上述研究,从生产端、超市以及政府3个方面对模式进行优化,以提高农产品流通效率。     

浅谈公私伙伴关系在宁夏土地退化综合治理中的作用

对公私伙伴关系在宁夏土地退化综合治理中的作用及现状进行了实地调研,通过案例分析,探寻公私伙伴关系模式,充分发挥公共部门和私营部门的优长之处,形成新的融合力,以拓展防治土地退化的融资渠道,探索建立国家、集体和私营公司开展土地退化综合治理的成功模式。     

Genetic research in a public–private research consortium: prospects for indirect use of Elite breeding germplasm in academic research

The creation of a public–private research partnership between plant breeding industry and academia can be beneficial for all parties involved. Academic partners benefit from the material contributions by industry and a practically relevant research focus, while industry benefits from increased insights and methodology tailored to a relevant set of data. However, plant breeding industry is highly competitive and there are obvious limits to the data and material partners are willing and able to share. This will usually include current and historic released cultivated materials, but will very often not include the elite germplasm used in-house to create new cultivars. Especially for crops where hybrid cultivars dominate the market, parental lines of hybrid cultivars are considered core assets that are never provided to outside parties. However, this limitation often does not apply to DNA or genetic fingerprints of these parental lines. We developed a procedure to take advantage of elite breeding materials for the creation of new promising research populations, through indirect selection of parents. The procedure starts with the identification of a number of traits for further study based on the presence of marker-trait associations and a priori knowledge within the participating companies about promising traits for quality improvement. Next, regression-based multi-QTL models are fitted to hybrid cultivar data to identify QTLs. Fingerprint data of parental lines of a limited number of specific hybrids are then used to predict parental phenotypes using the multi-QTL model fitted on hybrid data. The specific hybrids spanned the whole of the sensory space adequately. Finally, a choice of parental lines is made based on the QTL model predictions and new promising line combinations are identified. Breeding industry is then asked to create and provide progeny of these line combinations for further research. This approach will be illustrated with a case study in tomato.